2022 Estate & Gift Tax Update
2022
continues to offer the historically large federal unified exemption
amount for bequests and lifetime gift-giving in effect since 2018, and
because of this significant change from earlier years, careful review of
tax planning provisions in existing estate planning documents is
warranted ‒ as well as consideration of lifetime gift planning.
Estate & Gift Tax (and GST) Exemption Amount for 2022
A little over four years ago, the exemption (or
“exclusion”) amount for federal estate, gift, and generation-skipping
tax (“GST”) was slated to increase slightly from the prior year, to $5.6
million per person for 2018. This amount suddenly nearly
doubled (to $11.18 million for 2018) when the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of
2017 was enacted. For 2022, with inflation adjustment, this amount
increased to $12.06 million per person (up from $11.7 million in 2021,
and potentially offering a $24.12 million exemption for a married
couple). This is the “unified exemption amount” for the sum total
of a person’s “lifetime gifts” (gifts in excess of the applicable annual
exclusion amounts in effect when the gifts were made), together with
the property passing to beneficiaries upon the donor’s death. This
figure also represents the current exemption amount for
generating-skipping gifts (e.g., gifts to grandchildren). Estates
(and/or lifetime gifts) in excess of the exemption amount are taxed at a
maximum rate of 40%. Generation-skipping gifts in excess of the
exemption amount are taxed at an additional maximum rate of 40%.
For future years, the 2017 law provides for continuing annual inflation
increases in the exemption amounts through 2025. On January 1,
2026, in the absence of future legislation, the exemption amounts are
scheduled to revert to the 2017 levels ($5.49 million + inflation
adjustment).
One concern surrounding use of the current, high exemption
amounts for lifetime gifts was whether the IRS would try to “claw back”
taxes on such gifts if a lower exemption amount ended up applying at the
time of the donor’s death. Effective as of late November 2019, final
regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service on this matter (IR-2019-189) eliminated such concern.
Income tax basis rules remain unchanged, with inherited property receiving a reset of basis at date-of-death value.
North Carolina currently has no state inheritance, estate or gift tax.
Annual Exemption Gifts & Spousal Gifts
The federal annual gift exclusion amount for 2022 has
increased to $16,000 per donee (up from $15,000 in 2018-2021).
This exclusion allows an individual donor to give an unlimited number of
“annual exclusion gifts,” so long as the amount of each gift does not
exceed $16,000 per donee during calendar year 2022. (Generally,
married couples can give $32,000 per donee as long as certain measures
are taken.)
Annual exclusion gifts do not use up any of a person’s
lifetime “unified exemption amount,” and generally no gift tax return is
required. If you make a gift in excess of $16,000 to one donee,
you may still avoid paying a gift tax on the excess by filing a gift tax
return (IRS Form 709), with an election to use part of your unused
unified lifetime estate and gift tax exemption amount to cover the
overage.
As in years past, a person may give an unlimited amount to
his or her spouse by using the “unlimited gift tax marital deduction,”
as long as the donee spouse is a U.S. citizen. If the donee spouse
is not a U.S. citizen, tax-free transfers to the non-citizen spouse are
limited to a “super annual exclusion” amount, which increased to
$164,000 in 2022 (up from $159,000 in 2021). As with other gifts
in excess of annual exclusion amounts, the donor spouse may still avoid
tax by filing a gift tax return and electing to use his or her unused
lifetime exemption amount to cover the overage.
All annual exclusion gifts and spousal gifts must be gifts
of a “present” interest as opposed to a “future” interest, and further
qualifications can apply. It is recommended that you consult your
tax advisor prior to making a particular gift.
Other Tax-Free Lifetime Gifting
Lifetime gifts to qualified charities may generally be made
in unlimited amounts, free of gift tax. In addition, certain
direct payments made on behalf of others are not considered “gifts,” and
may be made in unlimited amounts. These include direct payments
on behalf of another person to educational institutions for tuition and
to medical providers for medical care. These payments must be made
directly to the institutions or providers, however, or they will be
treated as gifts to the individuals. Because certain
qualifications apply, it is recommended that you consult your tax
advisor before making particular charitable gifts or payments on behalf
of others.
Review of Estate Planning Documents for Outdated Estate Tax Provisions
In contrast to the current federal estate and gift tax
exemption amount, as recently as 2008 the exemption amount was $2
million; in 2003 it was $1 million, and in 2001, it was $675,000.
This change has resulted in many outdated estate plans, and much of the
tax-avoidance attention in estate planning (for estates less than the
exemption amount) has shifted away from estate tax, focusing instead on
income tax considerations ‒ including efforts to maximize stepped-up
basis of appreciated assets and avoidance of capital gains for
heirs. It may be important to review old estate planning documents
to make sure estate tax planning contained therein does not create any
unnecessary income tax burden under current tax law ‒ or cause other
unwanted, non-tax consequences.
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